Safflower oil (non-hydrogenated)

Safflower oil is derived from the seeds of the safflower plant, Carthamus tinctorius. It has been cultivated in Asia, Europe and the Americas for centuries. Safflower oil is utilized as a low in saturated fat cooking oil and in the production of margarine, as well as consumed as a dietary supplement. It is a rich source of the essential omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (1). Safflower oil is likely safe when used orally and appropriately (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Sage (leaf)

Sage, Salvia spp., is an herb that has been used for centuries in Europe as a food spice and for its numerous health benefits. It is sold as dried leaves or as tinctures, fluid extracts and essential oils that are made from the leaves. Sage contains a number of polyphenolic compounds and bioflavonoids, along with beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol (1). It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a natural seasoning or flavoring substance in foods (21CFR182.10) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Manna-C™ capsules
 

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is an organic compound that occurs naturally in the bark of the willow tree, Salix alba. It is used in skin care products as a fragrance and as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), salicylic acid is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Emprizone^® gel
 

Sarsaparilla (root)

Sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.) is a vine native to tropical America and the West Indies. The roots of the sarsaparilla plant have been used in traditional Chinese cultures, and root extracts are commonly used as flavor components for root beer and other foods. Sarsaparilla is a source of saponins and phytosterols, such as sitosterol and stigmasterol (1). Sarsaparilla extract is approved for use as a natural flavoring substance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  SPORT™ capsules
 

Selenium

Selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water and some foods. The selenium content of food varies depending on the selenium content of the soil where the animal was raised or the plant was grown. Selenium is an essential element in several metabolic pathways and functions largely through its association with proteins, known as selenoproteins. Known biological functions of selenium include defense against oxidative stress and regulation of thyroid hormone action. Absorption of selenium is efficient with more than 90 percent of selenomethionine, the major dietary form of the element, being absorbed through the intestine (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 70 μg selenium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Selenium (as seleno-L-methionine)

Selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water and some foods. The selenium content of food varies depending on the selenium content of the soil where the animal was raised or the plant was grown. Selenium is an essential element in several metabolic pathways and functions largely through its association with proteins, known as selenoproteins. Known biological functions of selenium include defense against oxidative stress and regulation of thyroid hormone action. Absorption of selenium is efficient with more than 90 percent of selenomethionine, the major dietary form of the element, being absorbed through the intestine (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 70 μg selenium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Selenomethionine is an analogue of the amino acid methionine. The L-isomer is a common natural food source of selenium. There is evidence to suggest that selenomethionine is absorbed through the intestines and utilized by the body more easily than other forms of selenium found in foods and dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Selenium (as selenomethionine)

Selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water and some foods. The selenium content of food varies depending on the selenium content of the soil where the animal was raised or the plant was grown. Selenium is an essential element in several metabolic pathways and functions largely through its association with proteins, known as selenoproteins. Known biological functions of selenium include defense against oxidative stress and regulation of thyroid hormone action. Absorption of selenium is efficient with more than 90 percent of selenomethionine, the major dietary form of the element, being absorbed through the intestine (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 70 μg selenium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Selenomethionine is an analogue of the amino acid methionine. The L-isomer is a common natural food source of selenium. There is evidence to suggest that selenomethionine is absorbed through the intestines and utilized by the body more easily than other forms of selenium found in foods and dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Selenium (from mustard sprout)

Selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water and some foods. The selenium content of food varies depending on the selenium content of the soil where the animal was raised or the plant was grown. Selenium is an essential element in several metabolic pathways and functions largely through its association with proteins, known as selenoproteins. Known biological functions of selenium include defense against oxidative stress and regulation of thyroid hormone action. Absorption of selenium is efficient with more than 90 percent of selenomethionine, the major dietary form of the element, being absorbed through the intestine (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 70 μg selenium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Mustard sprout. The greens and seeds of the Indian, or brown mustard plant, Brassica juncea, have been cultivated in Asia and Europe for thousands of years (2). Growing Indian mustard sprouts in mineral-enriched soil can increase the amount of minerals concentrated in the plant’s tissue. The sprouts can then be used in dietary supplements as sources of essential and trace minerals such as chromium, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Seleno-L-methionine

Seleno-L-methionine. Selenomethionine is an analogue of the amino acid methionine. The L-isomer is a common natural food source of selenium. There is evidence to suggest that selenomethionine is absorbed through the intestines and utilized by the body more easily than other forms of selenium found in foods and dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Selenomethionine

Selenomethionine is an analogue of the amino acid methionine. The L-isomer is a common natural food source of selenium. There is evidence to suggest that selenomethionine is absorbed through the intestines and utilized by the body more easily than other forms of selenium found in foods and dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Sialic acid

Sialic acid is the generic name for a group of sugar molecules commonly present in animal tissues. Sialic acids are present in essentially all human tissues, with the highest levels being found in the brain, where they are typically located at the ends of the sugar chains of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. The most common sialic acid found on human cells is N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA). Human breast milk is also rich in oligosaccharides containing Neu5Ac. Foods containing high amounts of sialic acid include eggs and the whey component of dairy (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  OsoLean^® powder
 

Silica

Silica is an inorganic compound that is used in a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products to improve appearance and consistency, as well as to aid in the mixing of ingredients (1).

Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is added to capsule and tablet formulations to reduce clumping (1). Silica is found in many foods, particularly whole grains (oats and barley), sugar beets, sugar cane, soybeans, turnips, green beans (2). The average intake of silica in adults is 14-21 mg/day (3). The bioavailability of silicate additives is low (4). Silica that occurs in food and water has not been shown to cause any adverse effects (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Accelerator 3™ capsules
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  Ambrotose^® Complex capsules
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  EM•PACT^®
   •  FiberSlim™ capsules
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
   •  ImmunoSTART^® tablets
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
   •  PLUS™ caplets
   •  SPORT™ capsules
 

Silybum marianum extract

Silybum marianum extract is obtained from the Silybum marianum plant, commonly known as milk thistle or lady’s thistle. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a skin conditioning agent (1). Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) seed oil

Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) seed oil is extracted from seeds of the desert shrub Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis or Buxux chinensis. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a skin conditioning agent that slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin’s surface (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), Jojoba oil is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Sodium

Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in humans. Sodium is necessary for regulating the water content of blood and other bodily fluids and is transported across cell membranes to regulate the transmission of nerve impulses and heart activity. Salt (sodium chloride) is the primary form of sodium in the diet. Other forms of sodium found in food include monosodium glutamate, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate. The amount of dietary sodium that is absorbed through the intestine is approximately 98% (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Daily Reference Value (DRV) of 2,400 mg sodium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). DRVs are a set of dietary references for energy-producing nutrients, cholesterol, sodium and potassium that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. DRVs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     It is well-recognized that the current intake of sodium for most individuals in the United States exceeds recommended doses. The most common adverse effect seen with high sodium intake is an increase in blood pressure (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Sodium ascorbate

Sodium ascorbate is the sodium salt of ascorbic acid. It is used in dietary supplements as a source of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Sodium caprylate

Sodium caprylate is the sodium salt of caprylic acid, a medium chain fatty acid. Medium chain fatty acids are found in medium chain triglycerides, which are sometimes used as nutritional agents (1). Sodium caprylate is typically used in foods as a binder, to aid in the mixing of ingredients and to prevent caking. Sodium caprylate is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR172.863) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Sodium carboxymethyl dextran

Sodium carboxymethyl dextran is an organic compound that aids in mixing ingredients, to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures, and to thicken the texture of skin care products (1).

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is an organic compound related to cellulose. It is used in oral formulations and food products to increase thickness and improve consistency (1). Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is an approved food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Sodium caseinate

Sodium caseinate is the sodium salt of casein, the predominant protein found in cow’s milk and cheese. It can be used as a source of protein, as a thickening agent or to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures. Sodium caseinate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is also known as table salt. It is often used to season foods and is the primary form of sodium in the diet. Sodium chloride is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
 

Sodium citrate

Sodium citrate is a salt of citric acid. It is used in foods, cosmetics and personal care products to adjust pH (the acidity or alkalinity), and it is also used in skin care products for fragrance (1). Sodium citrate is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Sodium hyaluronate

Sodium hyaluronate is an organic compound used as a skin conditioning agent (1). It is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Emprizone^® gel
 

Sodium lauroyl lactylate

Sodium lauroyl lactylate is an organic compound used in cosmetics and personal care products to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures (1).

Sodium molybdate

Sodium molybdate is an inorganic salt used as a source of the essential mineral molybdenum in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Sodium starch glycolate

Sodium starch glycolate is the sodium salt of a derivative of potato starch. It is used to aid in the disintegration of oral tablets and capsules (1). Sodium starch glycolate is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Manna-C™ capsules
 

Sorbitol

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol often used as a sweetener substitute in “sugar-free” foods. In cosmetics and personal care products, sorbitol is used as a skin conditioning agent that increases water content of the top layers of the skin by drawing moisture from the surrounding air (1). Sorbitol is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2). It is also approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. FDA (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Emprizone^® gel
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Soy lecithin

Soy lecithin is a combination of naturally occurring phospholipids extracted during the processing of soybean oil. It consists of three types of phospholipids- phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphotidylinositol. Soy lecithin is used commercially in substances as a natural way to stabilize liquid mixtures. Lecithin is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human consumption with the status generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (21CFR184.1400).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  EM•PACT^®
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  OsoLean^® powder
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Soy protein isolate

Soy protein isolate, produced from dehulled, defatted soybean flakes, contains 90%-95% protein and is the purest form of marketed soybean protein. Soy protein is an excellent source of essential amino acids, comparable to cow's milk. Isolated soy protein is commonly added to meat, dairy and infant foods to enhance their protein content (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Soybean oil

Soybean oil is the oil that is extracted from the soybean, Glycine max. It is the most widely utilized vegetable oil in the United States. Soybean oil contains a large ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, making it a healthy choice for use in foods (1). As an excipient, it is used to improve the bioavailability of fat-soluble ingredients (2). Soybean oil is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-PRO^® capsules
 

Spinach (leaf & stem)

Spinach. The leaves of the spinach plant, Spinacia oleracea, are a popular garden vegetable, widely cultivated throughout the world. While some spinach is consumed fresh, the majority is processed as canned or frozen (1). Fresh spinach is an excellent source of vitamins A and K, a good source of folate and a source of vitamin C and manganese (2). Spinach also contains flavonoid compounds, such as quercetin and myricetin, which demonstrate antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Spinach (leaf)

Spinach. The leaves of the spinach plant, Spinacia oleracea, are a popular garden vegetable, widely cultivated throughout the world. While some spinach is consumed fresh, the majority is processed as canned or frozen (1). Fresh spinach is an excellent source of vitamins A and K, a good source of folate and a source of vitamin C and manganese (2). Spinach also contains flavonoid compounds, such as quercetin and myricetin, which demonstrate antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Spirulina algae

Spirulina algae refers to a large number of blue-green algae species that have been harvested from warm lakes in Africa, Central and South America for thousands of years. Spirulina has been used since the 16^th century as a source of food and nutrients. Today, it is a popular food supplement in Japan and is marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. Spirulina contains large amounts of dietary protein, B-complex vitamins, beta-carotene, vitamin E and numerous minerals, such as calcium and iron. It also contains high molecular weight polysaccharides and the antioxidant phycocyanin, which may be responsible for a number of its beneficial effects on human health (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Squalane

Squalane is obtained by hydrogenation of olive oil or other natural oils. In cosmetics and personal care products, it is used as a skin conditioning agent that slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin’s surface (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), squalane is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Steareth-2

Steareth-2 is an organic compound used in cosmetics and personal care products to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), steareth-2 is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Steareth-20

Steareth-20 is an organic compound used to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures. It assists in mixing ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and has soap-like cleansing properties (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), steareth-20 is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Steareth-21

Steareth-21 is an organic compound used in topical formulations to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures. It assists in mixing ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products and has soap-like cleansing properties (1).

Stearic acid

Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid that is found in animal and vegetable fats. In dietary supplements, it is typically a combination of stearic and palmitic acids. Stearic acid is used as a lubricantin capsules and tablets and is also used widely in cosmetics and food products (1). It is used in topical formulations to assist in mixing ingredients and to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures (2).
     Stearic acid is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (21CFR184.1090) and is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritating material (1). It is also included in the U.S. FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose^® Complex capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
   •  PLUS™ caplets
 

Stearyl alcohol

Stearyl alcohol is an organic compound that stabilizes oil-in-water mixtures, acts as a foam booster and is used to thicken the texture of cosmetics and personal care products (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), stearyl alcohol is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Stevia extract (leaf)

Stevia extract is derived from the leaves of the plant, Stevia rebaudiana. Stevia extracts are used as natural sweeteners and as dietary supplements in a number of countries, including the United States (1). Much of the sweetness of stevia leaves is attributed to the presence of the glycoside stevioside, which is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose (sugar). Stevia also contains tannins and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
 

Stigmasterol

Stigmasterol is a plant sterol (phytosterol) found in many foods, including chocolate, nuts and avocados. It is abundant in vegetable oils, particularly soy oil (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
 

Strawberry (fruit)

Strawberry. Strawberries are the world’s leading berry-type fruit, although technically they are not a true fruit but a pseudocarp, literally translated as “false fruit” (1). They are an excellent source of vitamin C and a source of bioflavonoids, such as quercetin, which demonstrate antioxidant activities (2), (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Succinoyl atelocollagen

Succinoyl atelocollagen is an organic compound which is closely related to collagen, a protein found in many tissues of the human body. In cosmetics and personal care products, succinoyl atelocollagen is used as a skin conditioning agent (1).

Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane is the breakdown product of a particular glucosinolate called glucoraphanin. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds primarily found in cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts and cauliflower. They are broken down during chewing and digestion into biologically active isothiocyanates, such as sulforaphane, which are then absorbed through the intestine (1). Sulforaphane is likely safe when used orally in the amounts found in foods (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Sunflower lecithin

Sunflower lecithin is a mixture of naturally occurring phospholipids derived from sunflower oil. It is used commercially as a natural way to stabilize oil-in-water liquid mixtures. The primary phospholipids in sunflower lecithin are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid (1). Sunflower lecithin can be used as an alternative for some of the more commonly used lecithins from soybean and canola oils.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews